ESP32 with HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino IDE

This guide shows how to use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor with the ESP32 board using the Arduino core. The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. We’ll show you how to wire the sensor to the ESP32 and provide several example sketches to determine the distance to an object using the HC-SR04.

This tutorial covers the following topics:

• Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Pinout
• Wiring the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 to the ESP32
• Getting Distance to an Object Using the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 with the ESP32
• Displaying the Distance to an Object on a Display Using the ESP32 and HC-SR04

Introducing the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. This sensor reads from 2cm to 400cm (0.8inch to 157inch) with an accuracy of 0.3cm (0.1inches), which is good for most hobbyist projects. In addition, this particular module comes with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver modules.

The following picture shows the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor.

The next picture shows the other side of the sensor.

Where to buy HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor?

You can check the Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 sensor on Maker Advisor to find the best price:

• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Technical Data

The following table shows the key features and specs of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. For more information, you should consult the sensor’s datasheet.

Power Supply	5V DC
Working Current	15 mA
Working Frequency	40 kHz
Maximum Range	4 meters
Minimum Range	2 cm
Measuring Angle	15º
Resolution	0.3 cm
Trigger Input Signal	10uS TTL pulse
Echo Output Signal	TTL pulse proportional to the distance range
Dimensions	45mm x 20mm x 15mm

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Pinout

Here’s the pinout of the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor.

VCC	Powers the sensor (5V)
Trig	Trigger Input Pin
Echo	Echo Output Pin
GND	Common GND

How Does the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Work?

The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s how it works:

1. The ultrasound transmitter (trig pin) emits a high-frequency sound (40 kHz).
2. The sound travels through the air. If it finds an object, it bounces back to the module.
3. The ultrasound receiver (echo pin) receives the reflected sound (echo).

Taking into account the sound’s velocity in the air and the travel time (time passed since the transmission and reception of the signal) we can calculate the distance to an object. Here’s the formula:

distance to an object = ((speed of sound in the air)*time)/2

• speed of sound in the air at 20ºC (68ºF) = 343m/s

Parts Required

To complete this tutorial you need the following parts:

• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
• ESP32 (read Best ESP32 development boards)
• Breadboard
• Jumper wires

You can use the preceding links or go directly to MakerAdvisor.com/tools to find all the parts for your projects at the best price!

Schematic – ESP32 with HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Wire the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to the ESP32 as shown in the following schematic diagram. We’re connecting the Trig pin to GPIO 5 and the Echo pin to GPIO 18, but you can use any other suitable pins.

Ultrasonic Sensor	ESP32
VCC	VIN
Trig	GPIO 5
Echo	GPIO 18
GND	GND

Preparing Arduino IDE

We’ll program the ESP32 board using Arduino IDE. So, make sure you have the ESP32 add-on installed. Follow the next tutorial:

• Install the ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE

If you want to use VS Code with the PlatformIO extension, follow the next tutorial instead to learn how to program the ESP32:

• Getting Started with VS Code and PlatformIO IDE for ESP32 and ESP8266 (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux Ubuntu)

Code – Getting Distance to an Object using the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor and ESP32

The following sketch is a simple example of how you can get the distance between the sensor and an object using the ESP32 board with the Arduino core.

/*********
  Rui Santos
  Complete project details at https://RandomNerdTutorials.com/esp32-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-arduino/
  
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  of this software and associated documentation files.
  
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*********/

const int trigPin = 5;
const int echoPin = 18;

//define sound speed in cm/uS
#define SOUND_SPEED 0.034
#define CM_TO_INCH 0.393701

long duration;
float distanceCm;
float distanceInch;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200); // Starts the serial communication
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
}

void loop() {
  // Clears the trigPin
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  
  // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
  
  // Calculate the distance
  distanceCm = duration * SOUND_SPEED/2;
  
  // Convert to inches
  distanceInch = distanceCm * CM_TO_INCH;
  
  // Prints the distance in the Serial Monitor
  Serial.print("Distance (cm): ");
  Serial.println(distanceCm);
  Serial.print("Distance (inch): ");
  Serial.println(distanceInch);
  
  delay(1000);
}

View raw code

Upload the code to your board and it will work straight away. Continue reading if you want to learn how the code works or skip to the demonstration section.

How the Code Works

First, define the trigger and the echo pins.

const int trigPin = 5;
const int echoPin = 18;

In this example, we’re using GPIO 5 and GPIO 18. But you can use any other suitable GPIOs—read ESP32 Pinout Reference: Which GPIO pins should you use?

The SOUND_SPEED variable saves the velocity of sound in the air at 20ºC. We’re using the value in cm/uS.

#define SOUND_SPEED 0.034

The CM_TO_INCH variable allows us to convert distance in centimeters to inches.

#define CM_TO_INCH 0.393701

Then, initialize the following variables.

long duration;
float distanceCm;
float distanceInch;

The duration variable saves the travel time of the ultrasonic waves (time elapsed since transmission and reception of the pulse wave). The distanceCm and distanceInch, as the names suggest, save the distance to an object in centimeters and inches.

setup()

In the setup(), initialize a serial communication at a baud rate of 115200 so that we can print the measurements on the Serial Monitor.

Serial.begin(115200); // Starts the serial communication

Define the trigger pin as an OUTPUT—the trigger pin emits the ultrasound. And define the echo pin as an INPUT—the echo pin receives the reflected wave and sends a signal to the ESP32 that is proportional to the travel time.

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input

loop()

In the loop(), the following lines produce a 10uS HIGH pulse on the trigger pin—this means the pin will emit an ultrasound. Note that before sending the pulse, we give a short LOW pulse to ensure you’ll get a clean HIGH pulse.

// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

We use the pulseIn() function to get the sound wave travel time:

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

The pulseIn() function reads a HIGH or a LOW pulse on a pin. It accepts as arguments the pin and the state of the pulse (either HIGH or LOW). It returns the length of the pulse in microseconds. The pulse length corresponds to the time it took to travel to the object plus the time traveled on the way back.

Then, we simply calculate the distance to an object taking into account the sound speed.

distanceCm = duration * SOUND_SPEED/2;

Convert the distance to inches:

distanceInch = distanceCm * CM_TO_INCH;

And finally, print the results on the Serial Monitor.

Serial.print("Distance (cm): ");
Serial.println(distanceCm);
Serial.print("Distance (inch): ");
Serial.println(distanceInch);

Demonstration

Upload the code to your board. Don’t forget to select the board you’re using in Tools > Boards. Also, don’t forget to select the right COM port in Tools > Port.

After uploading, open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200. Press the on-board RST button to restart the board and it will start printing the distance to the closest object on the Serial Monitor. Something as shown in the picture below.

---

ESP32 with HC-SR04 and OLED Display

In this section, we’ll show you a simple example with the ESP32 that displays the distance on an I2C OLED display.

To better understand how the project works, we recommend taking a look at our ESP32 tutorial with the I2C OLED display.

Parts Required

Here’s a list with the parts required to complete this example:

• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
• ESP32 (read Best ESP32 development boards)
• 0.96 inch I2C OLED Display SSD1306
• Breadboard
• Jumper wires

You can use the preceding links or go directly to MakerAdvisor.com/tools to find all the parts for your projects at the best price!

Schematic Diagram – ESP32 with HC-SR04 and OLED Display

Wire all the parts as shown in the following schematic diagram.

Learn more about the OLED display with the ESP32: ESP32 OLED Display with Arduino IDE

Code – ESP32 Display Distance (HC-SR04) on OLED Display

To use this example, make sure you have the Adafruit SSD1306 and Adafruit GFX libraries installed. You can install these libraries through the Arduino Library Manager.

Go to Sketch > Library > Manage Libraries, search for “SSD1306,” and install the SSD1306 library from Adafruit.

After installing the SSD1306 library from Adafruit, type “GFX” in the search box and install the library.

After installing the libraries, restart your Arduino IDE.

Then, simply copy the following code to your Arduino IDE and upload the code to the board.

/*********
  Rui Santos
  Complete project details at https://RandomNerdTutorials.com/esp32-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-arduino/
  
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  of this software and associated documentation files.
  
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*********/

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for an SSD1306 display connected to I2C (SDA, SCL pins)
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, -1);

const int trigPin = 5;
const int echoPin = 18;

//define sound speed in cm/uS
#define SOUND_SPEED 0.034
#define CM_TO_INCH 0.393701

long duration;
int distanceCm;
int distanceInch;

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input

  if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C)) {
    Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
    for(;;);
  }
  delay(500);
  display.clearDisplay();

  display.setTextSize(2);
  display.setTextColor(WHITE);
}

void loop() {
  // Clears the trigPin
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  
  // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
  
  // Calculate the distance
  distanceCm = duration * SOUND_SPEED/2;
  
  // Convert to inches
  distanceInch = distanceCm * CM_TO_INCH;
  
  // Prints the distance in the Serial Monitor
  Serial.print("Distance (cm): ");
  Serial.println(distanceCm);
  Serial.print("Distance (inch): ");
  Serial.println(distanceInch);

  display.clearDisplay();
  display.setCursor(0, 25);
  //Display distance in cm
  display.print(distanceCm);
  display.print(" cm");
  
  // Display distance in inches
  /* display.print(distanceInch);
  display.print(" in");*/
  display.display(); 

  delay(500);  
}

View raw code

How the Code Works

Start by including the required libraries for the OLED display:

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

Define the width and height of the OLED display. We’re using a 128×64 OLED display:

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

Create an Adafruit_SSD1306 object called display to handle the OLED display.

Adafruit_SSD1306 display = Adafruit_SSD1306(128, 64, &Wire);

Define the pins that the HC-SR04 sensor is connected to.

const int trigPin = 5;
const int echoPin = 18;

Create variables to save the distance and the duration between the transmission and reception of the sound waves.

long duration;
int distanceCm;
int distanceInch;

setup()

In the setup(), initialize a serial communication at a baud rate of 115200 so that we can print the results on the Serial Monitor.

Serial.begin(115200);

Define the trigger pin as an OUTPUT and the echo pin as an INPUT.

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input

Initialize the OLED display:

if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C)) {
  Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
  for(;;);
}

Set the font size and color for the display.

display.setTextSize(2);
display.setTextColor(WHITE);

loop()

In the loop() is where we’ll get the distance and display it on the OLED.

Get the distance (we’ve already explained in the previous section how to calculate the distance).

// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
  
// Calculate the distance
distanceCm = duration * SOUND_SPEED/2;
  
// Convert to inches
distanceInch = distanceCm * CM_TO_INCH;

Print the distance on the Serial Monitor.

// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance (cm): ");
Serial.println(distanceCm);
Serial.print("Distance (inch): ");
Serial.println(distanceInch);

Clear the display in each loop() to write new readings.

display.clearDisplay();

Set the display cursor to (0, 25).

display.setCursor(0, 25);

The following lines print the distance in centimeters in the OLED display.

// Display static text
display.print(distanceCm);
display.print(" cm");

Comment the previous lines and uncomment the following lines if you want to display the readings in inches.

/* Display distance in inches
display.print(distanceInch);
display.print(" in");*/

Lastly, call display.display() to actually show the readings on the OLED.

display.display();

The distance is updated every 500 milliseconds.

delay(500);

Demonstration

Upload the code to your ESP32 board. Go to Tools > Board and select the ESP32 board you’re using. Go to Tools > Port and select the port your board is connected to. Then, click the upload button.

Open the Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200, press the on-board RST button. The sensor measurements will be displayed both on the Serial Monitor and the OLED display.

Approximate an object to the sensor and see the values changing.

You can watch a quick video demonstration:

Wrapping Up

The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor allows us to determine the distance to an object. In this tutorial you’ve learned how to use the HC-SR04 with the ESP32. We have tutorials for other popular sensors that you may like:

• ESP32 with DHT11/DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor using Arduino IDE
• ESP32 with BME280 using Arduino IDE (Pressure, Temperature, Humidity)
• ESP32 with BME680 Environmental Sensor using Arduino IDE (Gas, Pressure, Humidity, Temperature)
• ESP32 DS18B20 Temperature Sensor with Arduino IDE (Single, Multiple, Web Server)
• ESP32 with BMP180 Barometric Sensor (Temperature and Pressure)

Learn more about the ESP32 with our resources:

• Learn ESP32 with Arduino IDE (eBook + video course)
• Build Web Servers with ESP32 and ESP8266 eBook (2nd Edition)
• More ESP32 Projects and Tutorials…

Thanks for reading.